{
 "license": "CC BY 4.0 — Tremon Solutions, https://www.tremon.nl/gases/co2",
 "generated": "2026-09-17",
 "key": "co2",
 "name": "Carbon dioxide",
 "formula": "CO₂",
 "formula_plain": "CO2",
 "iupac": "carbon dioxide",
 "synonyms": [
  "Carbonic acid gas",
  "Dry ice [Note: Normal constituent of air (about 300 ppm)]."
 ],
 "cas": "124-38-9",
 "ec_number": "204-696-9",
 "un_number": "1013",
 "un_shipping_name": "Carbon dioxide",
 "transport_class": "2.2 (Non-flammable, non-toxic gases)",
 "pubchem_cid": 280,
 "molar_mass_g_mol": 44.01,
 "mg_m3_per_ppm_20c": 1.83,
 "boiling_point_c": null,
 "sublimation_point_c": -78.5,
 "melting_point_c": null,
 "critical_temp_c": 31.0,
 "critical_pressure_bar": 73.83,
 "vapour_pressure_bar": 45.1,
 "vapour_pressure_at_c": 10.0,
 "density_gas_kg_m3": 1.9767,
 "density_condition": "0 °C, 1013 mbar",
 "relative_density_air": 1.53,
 "solubility_water": "Concentration: 2 g/l",
 "appearance": "gas liquefied under pressure, colourless, odourless",
 "odour": "odourless",
 "chemical_character": [
  "Non-combustible gas.",
  "Upon cooling of the gas solid carbon dioxide is formed, known as dry ice.",
  "In the liquid state carbon dioxide only exists under increased pressure. During expansion the liquid quickly vaporizes under cooling and formation of dry ice. Dry ice sublimates relativ slowly at room temperature.",
  "Compared to oxygen and nitrogen, carbon dioxide is relatively soluble in water and reacts to a small proportion (about 0.2 %, depending on the temperature) to carbon dioxide. Colloquially, often also the gas is inaccurately named carbonic acid. \"Free carbonic acid\" refers to the sum of the actual acid and the dissolved carbon dioxide.",
  "Gas is heavier than air.",
  "In contrast to gases with an exclusively suffocating effect, carbon dioxide can be life-threatening even if normal oxygen concentrations (20 - 21 %) are maintained. From about 5% carbon dioxide in the inhaled air, headaches and dizziness occur, at higher concentrations, shortness of breath and unconsciousness, the so-called carbon dioxide anesthesia. Carbon dioxide concentrations of 8 % lead to death within a short time."
 ],
 "hazard_class": "asphyxiant (simple asphyxiant at high %, physiological effects from ~1 vol%)",
 "ghs_classification": [
  "Gases under pressure, liquefied gas; H280"
 ],
 "ghs_signal_word": "Warning",
 "ghs_hazard_statements": [
  "H280: Contains gas under pressure; may explode if heated."
 ],
 "euh_statements": [],
 "nfpa704": {
  "health": 2,
  "flammability": 0,
  "instability": 0,
  "special": "SA"
 },
 "lel_vol_pct": null,
 "uel_vol_pct": null,
 "autoignition_c": null,
 "temperature_class": null,
 "explosion_group": null,
 "eu_ioelv": {
  "twa_8h_ppm": 5000.0,
  "twa_8h_mg_m3": 9000.0,
  "stel_15min_ppm": null,
  "stel_15min_mg_m3": null,
  "directive": "Directive 2006/15/EC"
 },
 "de_agw": {
  "twa_ppm": 5000.0,
  "twa_mg_m3": 9100.0,
  "source": "TRGS 900 via GESTIS"
 },
 "nl_grenswaarde": {
  "note": "Netherlands: wettelijke grenswaarden (Arboregeling, bijlage XIII) — check the SER grenswaarden database (https://www.ser.nl/nl/thema/arbeidsomstandigheden/grenswaarden) for the current legal value; EU IOELVs are transposed into it."
 },
 "niosh_rel": {
  "twa_ppm": 5000.0,
  "stel_or_ceiling_ppm": 30000.0,
  "raw": "TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3) ST 30,000 ppm (54,000 mg/m3)"
 },
 "osha_pel": "TWA 5000 ppm (9000 mg/m3) See Appendix G",
 "idlh_ppm": 40000.0,
 "idlh_raw": "40,000 ppm",
 "gwp100": {
  "ar4": 1,
  "ar6": 1,
  "eu_fgas_2024_573_annex": 1
 },
 "atmospheric_lifetime_years": null,
 "odp": 0,
 "gwp_note": null,
 "seveso_named": false,
 "health_effects": "Not toxic in the classic sense but physiologically active: above ~1 vol% (10 000 ppm) breathing rate rises; 3–5 % causes headache, dizziness, acidosis; above ~8–10 % loss of consciousness within minutes; >20 % rapidly fatal. Heavier than air — pools in pits, tanks and cellars.",
 "main_toxic_effects_gestis": "Acute: \nCold injuries from contact with extremely cold, liquified gas or dry ice,\neffects to respiratory center, biotransformation, heart/circulatory system and CNS due to massive inhalation \nChronic: \nEffects to the CNS and heart/circulatory system",
 "routes_of_exposure": "Main routes of exposure\nThe main intake pathway for carbon dioxide (CO2) proceeds via the respiratory tract.\nRespiratory tract\nCO2 diffuses very easily through cell membranes and is hydrated in the blood to form carbonic acid by means of carbonic anhydrase in the erythrocytes.\nAbsorption is dependent on the concentration of CO2 in the air inhaled: the endogenously formed CO2 which is transported by the blood into the lung normally causes loading of the expiratory air with about 4 % CO2. If the concentration of CO2 in the inspiration air exceeds the normal value of 0.035 %, the excretion of endogenous CO2 from the lung is initially decreased. If the concentration of CO2 in the air inhaled is further increased, to 4 %, an exchange no longer takes place. If the 4 %-limit is exceeded, additional CO2 is taken in from the air inhaled into the blood.\nSkin\nIt is assumed that gases pass through the epidermis and follicles by simple diffusion so that absorption is determined by the concentration gradient and temperature.\nUnder these conditions, it was calculated that approximately 2.7 % of the endogenous CO2 is eliminated from the organism by penetration through the skin. From this, it can be derived that a toxicologically relevant dermal intake of CO2 is to be expected only for very high concentrations.\nNo sufficient data is available on whether or not workers who stay in an atmosphere containing only CO2 and use breathing equipment independent of the outside air could be endangered via the skin.\nGastrointestinal tract\nIt is well-known that intake via the gastrointestinal tract is possible and usual if beverages containing CO2 are ingested. Under occupational conditions, no pecularities are noticeable.",
 "ir_absorption_band_um": "4.26 µm (ν₃ asymmetric stretch, 2349 cm⁻¹); weaker 2.7 µm and 15 µm bands",
 "monitoring": [
  "NDIR is the standard method (strong 4.26 µm band, no chemistry). Fixed transmitters for fermentation cellars, CO₂ stores, greenhouses, breweries; IAQ (EPBD) at 400–2000 ppm; process 0–100 vol% with heated cell for wet biogas.",
  "Alarm practice: 0.5 vol% (5000 ppm, 8-h OEL) pre-alarm, 1.5–3 vol% main alarm; sensor at 30–50 cm above floor (heavier than air)."
 ],
 "regulation_windows": [
  "EPBD 2024/1275 — IAQ measuring/control devices in new non-residential zero-emission buildings (2028 public / 2030 all)",
  "IED 2024/1785 + EU ETS / CBAM — verified CO₂ emissions data (CBAM definitive from 1 Jan 2026)",
  "REPowerEU biomethane — CO₂/CH₄ gas-quality proof at grid injection",
  "Workplace: EU IOELV 5000 ppm (Dir. 2006/15/EC)"
 ],
 "tremon_products": [
  "IR·OEM CO₂ channel (ppm → 100 vol%)",
  "TRM-PGA process analyzer",
  "TRM-EX field analyzer"
 ],
 "sources": [
  "https://gestis-database.dguv.de/data?name=001120",
  "https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0103.html",
  "https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/280",
  "IPCC AR6 WG1 Ch.7 Supplementary Material, Table 7.SM.7 (https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07_SM.pdf)",
  "IPCC AR4 WG1 Ch.2, Table 2.14 (https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/02/ar4-wg1-chapter2-1.pdf)",
  "Regulation (EU) 2024/573, Annex I/III (https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/573/oj)",
  "HITRAN/NIST IR band positions (approximate centre of the strongest band used for NDIR; https://hitran.org, https://webbook.nist.gov)"
 ]
}